Crespo, Javier. “Training the Health information seeker: Quality issues in health information web sites.” Library Trends 2004 Fall, 53 (2): 360-74. In Academic Search Premier [Internet]. Ispwich (MA): EBSCO, c2005 [cited 2005 Jan 31]. Available from http://web35.epnet.com; accession No. 15353491 https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/1732/Crespo360374.pdf?sequence=2

Consumer Health Information Service

Toronto Public Library. Consumer Health Information Service. https://web.archive.org/web/20050130090752/http://www.tpl.toronto.on.ca/uni_chi_index.jsp

Health and Medical Reference Guidelines

American Library Association. Health and Medical Reference Guidelines. http://www.ala.org/rusa/resources/guidelines/guidelinesmedical

Health sciences

Health sciences. Hurt, C. D. Informational Sources in Science and Technology, 3rd ed. Englewood, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1998. pp. 263-265. 

The health sciences encompass all aspects of human health and include such disciplines as medicine, nursing, dentistry, and pharmacy. Within the health sciences, as defined here, there is heavy reliance on other disciplines, such as chemistry, as a foundation for much of the work done. For example, pharmacy, medicine, and, to lesser extents, nursing and dentistry require a grounding in chemistry as a prerequisite to entering the field. Reliance on these “outside” literatures will necessitate some control of them within the health science literature. 

Within the health sciences, practitioners rely heavily on the journal literature as the main tool for advancement of the field. A mix of researchers and practitioners contribute to the journal literature, with the mixture weighted slightly toward the researchers. Practitioners are heavy users of handbooks, because the amount of information a practitioner needs to master is impressive, and handbooks are a way to handle the sheer bulk of information. The use of handbooks is especially heavy in pharmacology, where a single drug compound may carry several different names. 

A recent development in the health sciences is the increasing integration of activities formerly tightly controlled by each group. An example is the integration of medicine and nursing: a significant number of tasks, formerly the exclusive province of the medical doctor, are now being handled by nurses. The functional integration of these two fields suggests that there must also be literature integration. Although the integration of the literatures is not as rapid or as visible as the functional integration, it is a point of concern for those attempting bibliographic control. 

An example within pharmacy of changes in the field is the shift from broad systematic drugs to more targeted approaches to drugs. Advances in chemistry that were transferred to pharmacy and integrated into the research, practice, and literature fostered this change. This type of advance suggests that the chemistry literature, always important to pharmacy, is now even more critical. 

The last decade witnessed a huge increase in popular medical literature. Those both inside and outside the health sciences are producing such literature at a staggering rate. The consistent publication rates for these materials suggest strongly that this is not a flash-in-the-pan publishing opportunity. Even on the Internet, a number of Web sites offer health information at varying levels of detail. This literature mirrors the desire of citizens to be more informed about their health. However, this literature also poses a problem for the health sciences. Should it be included in traditional bibliographic control? The answer is far from clear. 

An area of growth both in the popular health sciences materials and in some of the research literature is alternative medicine. The first is the public’s fascination with natural means of ensuring or assisting health. Natural products, such as garlic for cholesterol control, appeal to a public that hears how some products offered by the pharmaceutical industry to treat the same condition may cause liver damage. 

The second facet is within the health science research community. Pharmaceutical companies have noted the potential for sales and research in natural/alternative drugs. The synthesis of the specific compounds in natural drugs is a large research focus of most pharmaceutical companies and researchers. Research within the health sciences community is mixed regarding some forms of alternative medicine and treatments. In some cases, the research results are mixed, due to a variety of reasons and explanations. The mixed results add to the scepticisms of traditional practitioners and do little to convince non-professionals of the overall efficacy of alternative medicine. What is clear is that such treatments appear to work well for some patients. These results argue strongly that the health sciences must become multifaceted. The consequence of this movement will be an increase in the types and range of literature within the health sciences. 

Technology has increased the health sciences’ ability to serve a wider population with more varying techniques. The opportunities for telemedicine and the stress that this technique will place on the health science literature are enormous. These technological advances will continue to change research in and practice of the health sciences and to change the literature that underlies them. The health sciences have one of the strongest and best implemented bibliographic control systems in science and technology. Index Medicus and the MEDLINE system are the envy of other fields. They are the best example of what a government project, done well, can accomplish for bibliographic control. The beauty of the system is that all of the areas discussed in this chapter are included. Where appropriate, additional areas are included as well. The place of alternative medicine and popular materials is less clear in the MEDLINE system, but such materials are finding their way into it. 

Without question, the social benefits of the health sciences and the increase in research activity at all levels and in all areas will continue to keep these fields literature-rich. Bibliographic controls are available for most of the health sciences. The difficulty for secondary literature is keeping pace with, or within sight of, the primary literature horizon. In this respect, the health sciences share the problems inherent in the rest of science and technology.

Medicine

Chapter 8: Medicine
Malinowsky, H. R. Reference Sources in Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Agriculture. Phoenix, Ariz. : Oryx Press, 1994. pp. 188-189.

Medicine, from the Latin word medicina meaning “to heal,” is concerned with preventing and treating disease, as well as maintaining good health. It is an applied science using all of the physical sciences and some engineering disciplines in its research. It is usually divided into clinical and basic fields: clinical includes all the specialities and basic covers the areas more closely related to the biological sciences. The basic medical sciences attempt to discover and describe how the human body functions. They include:

• Anatomy—the study of all parts of the human body.
• Biochemistry—the study of all chemical processes that take place in the human body.
• Biophysics—the application of physics to biology in the study of the human body.
• Embryology—the study of the early development of life.
• Endocrinology—the study of the body’s endocrine system.
• Genetics—the study of genes and heredity.
• Microbiology—the study of microorganisms that may affect the human body.
• Pathology—the study of how diseases alter the body.
• Physiology—the study of vital functions of the human body and how they all work together to maintain life.
• Psychology—the study of human behavior as it functions biologically and with the social environment.

Clinical medicine has resulted in many specialities in the medical profession. There are two broad specialities, preventive medicine and public health, and many finely defined specialities:

• Preventive Medicine—the study of how to prevent diseases.
• Public Health—the study of how to maintain and promote good health.
• Anesthesiology—the study of anesthesia and anesthetics.
• Cardiology—the study of the heart and how it functions.
• Dentistry—the study of teeth and the oral cavity.
• Dermatology—the study of diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
• Gastroenterology—the study of the stomach and intestines.
• Geriatrics—treating the aged.
• Gerontology—the study of the chemical, biological, historical, and sociological aspects of aging.
• Gynecology—study and treatment of the diseases that affect the genital tract in women.
• Immunology—the study of how human organisms react to antigens.
• Internal Medicine—a general study of all internal parts of the human body.
• Neurology—the study of the nervous system, including neurosurgery.
• Nursing—the professions of helping individuals in their promotion, maintenance, and restoration to good health.
• Obstetrics—the treatment of all aspects of child bearing.
• Ophthalmology--the study of all aspects of the eyes.
• Orthopedics—-the part of surgery that is concerned with the restoration of the functions of the bones.
• Otorhinolarygology—the study of medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck including ears, nose, and throat.
• Pediatrics—the study and treatment of health and diseases in children.
• Plastic Surgery—the restoration or changing of physical features.
• Psychiatry—the treating of problems of the mind.
• Radiology—the study of the use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
• Rehabilitation—the study of restoring individuals to normal functions or as close to normal as possible.
• Serology—the body of serums and their reactions on the body.
• Surgery—the treating of diseases and injuries through operations.
• Urology—the study of the male and female urinary tract.
• Venereology—the study of sexually transmitted diseases.

The most important indexing source for medical research is the Index Medicus, which provides print and electronic access. Other reference materials are many and include numerous well established dictionaries and encyclopaedias. There are also handbooks, some multivolume. Medicine is one where textbooks become reference books. Every special sub-discipline of medicine has older well-established textbooks as well as newly written ones. These become mini-treatises/handbooks/encyclopaedias for that discipline. A few have been included in this chapter but for the most part they are not listed because of the sheer numbers.

Sources of information in health sciences

Readings
American Library Association, Reference and Adult Services Division, Standards and Guideline Committee. Guidelines for medical, legal, and business responses [Internet]. Chicago (IL); rev. 2001 [cited 2005 Jan 31]. Available from http://www.ala.org/rusa/resources/guidelines/guidelinesmedical

Bibel, Barbara. Best consumer health books 2003. Library Journal 2004 May 1; 129(8):55. In Academic Search Premier [Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO, c2005- [cited 2005 Jan 31]. Available from http://web35.epnet.com; Accession No.: 3012981

Block, Marylaine. But Doctor, I found it on the Web – a presentation for the medical staff of Good Samaritian regional Medical Center, Phoenix, March 15, 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603110325/http://marylaine.com/goodsam.html

Consumer & Patient Health Information Service [Internet]. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. Health Sciences Libraries. [updated 2004 Aug 27l cited 2005 Feb 2]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20050207083021/http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.shtml
About the University of Manitoba’s Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library Consumer and Patient Health Information Service which is available to all Manitobans.

*Crespo, Javier. Training the health information seeker: Quality issues in health information web sites. Library Trends 2004 Fall, 53(2): 360-74. In Academic Search Premier [Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO, c2005 [cited 2005 Jan 41]. Available from http://web35.epnet.com; Accession No.: 15353491

HONcode Principles http://www.hon.ch/HONcode/Conduct.html
Code of conduct for medical and health sites from Health on the Net Foundation, a Geneva based foundation which is an NGO in special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the UN.

*Hurt, C. D. Information Sources in Science and Technology, 3rd ed. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1995. pp. 263-265.

Infohealth Guide http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/guide/index.html
Provides a brief overview of Manitoba’s health care system and its services, along with handy contact information so you can learn more about any aspect of health care in Manitoba.

*Malinowsky, H.R. Reference Sources in Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Agriculture. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx Press, 1994. pp. 188-189.

Medical Library Association. Consumer and Patient Health Information Section. The librarian’s role in the provision of consumer health information and patient education. [cited 2005 Jan 31]. Available from http://caphis.mlanet.org/chis/librarian.html

Medical Reference for Non-Medical Librarians https://web.archive.org/web/20060901225840/http://denison.uchsc.edu//outreach/medbib3.htm
Compiled by Jean C. Blakewell, Information Services Librarian, Health Science Library, UNC-Chapel Hill and additional material added by Lynne M. Fox. Includes tips for librarians and staff, regarding providing medical reference to consumers.

Online resources and guides
Academic Info Health and Medicine Consumer Health http://www.academicinfo.net/medgen.html

Canadian Health Network http://www.canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/
CHN’s mission was to support Canadians in making informed choices about their health, by providing access to multiple sources of credible and practical e-health information. Through a network of health information providers which included Health Canada and national and provincial/territorial non-profit organizations, as well as universities, hospitals, libraries and community organizations.

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html
Information from the Canadian government.

Consumer Health Links http://guides.wpl.winnipeg.ca/healthinfo
Guide to consumer health sites on a variety of topics from Winnipeg Public Library.

Consumer Health: An Online Manual http://nnlm.gov/outreach/consumer/
From U.S. National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). Chapters covering a variety of topics such as: Evaluating Health Web Sites and Consumer Health Information on the Web.

*Consumer Health Information Service https://web.archive.org/web/20080302200112/http://www.tpl.toronto.on.ca/uni_chi_index.jsp
A free, confidential health information service that was provided by qualified health librarians and funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health for residents of Ontario. Site contained an extensive collection of resources, including a Consumer Health Collection Guide and Core Collection of Recommended Titles.

For an American produced list of core titles of books and journals for the small medical library, in allied health, and for nursing see: Brandon/Hill selected lists at https://web.archive.org/web/20091219032208/http://www.mssm.edu/library/brandon-hill/

familydoctor.org http://familydoctor.org
From American Academy of Family Physicians. Includes a “Search by Symptom” (self diagnosis) section.

Hamilton Health Sciences. HHS Library Services: Consumer Health Information Web Sites https://web.archive.org/web/20060426215631/http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/sites/library/chisites.htm

Virtual Reference Library: Health Topics from A to Z http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/search.jsp?N=37868+4293013254&searchPageType=vrl
Recommended Internet sites, selected and organized by the VRL staff of Toronto Public Library.

Abstracts and indexes
Consumer Health Complete http://wpl.winnipeg.ca/library/onlineresources/searchdatabase.asp
Search for consumer health information in over 700 health, fitness and nutrition magazines, clinical reports, medical encyclopedias and popular reference works. Also focuses on holistic and integrated approaches to health and wellness.

CHID (Combined Health Information Database) http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/chidmic.htm
A bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. Federal Government. This database provides titles, abstracts, and availability information for health information and health education resources. Lists health promotion and education materials and program descriptions that are not indexed elsewhere.

CINAHL http://search.epnet.com/userlogin.asp
CINAHL, the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, is the authoritative resource for nursing and allied health professionals, students, educators, and researchers. This database provides indexing and abstracting for over 1,600 current nursing and allied health journals and publications dating back to 1982. Available through EBSOHost. Pre-CINAHL is a companion database to CINAHL, and is intended to provide current awareness of new journal articles, and includes a rotating file of limited bibliographic information (no subject searching), which are available to researchers only for the time when these articles are being assigned additional indexing. This enables users to gain access to article citations that otherwise would not be available. Once the bibliographic records are complete, they are added to the CINAHL database and removed from Pre-CINAHL.

Health Source Consumer Edition http://wpl.winnipeg.ca/library/onlineresources/searchdatabase.asp
Accessible with WPL library barcode number. Nearly 300 full-text consumer health periodicals, 1,100 pamphlets plus indexing and abstracts for more than 300 periodicals and 145 health reference books. In addition, the database provides access to up-to-date monographs for prescription drugs (U.S.), herbal and nutritional supplements and over-the-counter products. Information provided in this database should not be viewed as a means for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.

HSTAT http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
The Health Services Technology/Assessment Texts (HSTAT) is a free, Web-based resource of full-text documents that provide health information and support health care decision making. HSTAT’s audience includes health care providers, health service researchers, policy makers, payers, consumers and the information professionals who serve these groups.

MedlinePlus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
Unlike PubMed this version of Medline has been specifically tailored to the information needs of consumers. Emphasis is on information available from NLM and NIH and includes links to searches of MEDLINE, and to the many full-text publications produced by the NIH institutes. Includes sections on health topics, medical dictionaries and glossaries, links to major associations and clearinghouses, publications and news items, directories of health professionals and health facilities and libraries that provide services for the public.

NARIC http://www.naric.com/
U.S. National Rehabilitation Information Center. Search REHABDATA or their other databases by keyword, or browse by subject topic.

Health Sciences Library & Informatics Center from University of Mexico http://hslic.unm.edu/
Contains bibliographic information and abstracts of health-related articles, reports, surveys, and other resource documents pertaining to the health and health care of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Canadian First Nations.

PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
Covers the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and the preclinical sciences. MEDLINEplus Health Information http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ is an excellent resource for consumer health information.

Women’s Health Matters http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/
This Resource Database contains descriptions of books and periodicals, audiovisual and multimedia materials and websites. “Use this database as an access point to women’s health resources in English, French and other languages. We focus on information from Ontario and the rest of Canada, but our collection also includes information from around the world.”

Health sciences (Medicine)

• Basic medical sciences attempt to discover and describe how human body functions. Include:
• Anatomy
• Biochemistry
• Biophysics
• Embryology
• Endocrinology
• Genetics
• Microbiology
• Pathology
• Pharmacology
• Physiology
• Psychology
• Clinical medicine two broad specialities: preventative; public health
• Many other medical specialities including
• Dentistry
• Nursing
• Rehabilitation
• Textbooks become reference books
• Practitioners heavy users of handbooks
• Use of handbooks especially heavy in pharmacology
• Huge increase in popular medical literature
• Growth in area of alternative medicine
• The focus of traditional medical informatics is shifting from health professionals to consumers

Eysenbach, G. Consumer health informatics. BMJ 2000; 320: 1713-1716 http://www.bmj.com/content/320/7251/1713

Health information seeking studies

• Licciardone, Smith-Barbaro, and Coleridge (2001)
• 32% of respondents used Internet as primary source for health information
• Other sources used: newspapers, magazines, TV
• Fox, Rainie and Horrigan et al. (2000)
• 55% of U.S. Internet users search for health info
• 91% physical illness
• 26% mental illness
• Rely on search engines
• 58% reported checking for company or organization providing info (likely some college)
• Users with high school or less unlikely to check Web site’s source info
• Taylor (2001) http://media.theharrispoll.com/documents/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-Cyberchondriacs-Update-2002-05.pdf
• 80% of all adults who are online (i.e. 53% of all adults) sometimes use the Internet to look for health care information. However, only 18% say they do this “often”, while most do so “sometimes” (35%), or “hardly ever” (27%)
• This 80% of all those online amounts to 110 million cyberchrondriacs nationwide. This compares with 54 million in 1998, 69 million in 1999 and 97 million last year.
• On average those who ever look for health care information online do so three times every month
• A slender majority (53%) of those who look for health care information does so using a portal or search engine which allows them to search for the health information they want across many different websites. About a quarter (26%) go directly to a site that focuses only on health-related topics and one in eight (12%) goes first to a general site that focuses on many topics that may have a section on health issues.
• G. Eysenbach and C. Kohler. How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. BMJ, March 9, 2002; 324 (7337): 573-577. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7337/573
• Users of the Internet explore only the first few links on general search engines when seeking health information
• Consumers say that when assessing the credibility of a site they primarily look for the source, a professional design, and a variety of other criteria
• In practice, internet users do not check the “about us” sections of websites, try to find out who authors or creators of owners of the site are, or read disclaimers or disclosure statements
• Very few internet users later remember from which websites they retrieved information from or who stood behind the sites
• Fox and Fallows (2003). http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2003/Internet-Health-Resources.aspx
• Half of American adults have searched online for health information
• Go online for information, prepare for appointments and surgery, share information, seek and provide support
• Women primary consumers of online health information
• Fox and Rainie (2002) . http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2002/Vital-Decisions-A-Pew-Internet-Health-Report.aspx
• Internet health search interests
• Disease information (93%)
• Nutrition, exercise or weight control (65%)
• Prescription drugs (64%)
• 48% alternative or experimental treatments or medicines
• 39% mental health issues (e.g. depression, anxiety)
• 33% sensitive health topic
• 32% info about a particular doctor or hospital

Consumer health information
National Library of Medicine reports:

• Health information in top 5-10 topics of interest
• 2/3 of libraries estimate that health requests account for up to 20% of reference requests
• When MEDLINE made freely available on the Internet usage increased from 7 to 220 million searches per year (estimated that 1/3 of searches by public)

MEDLINEplus most frequent requested health topics, November 1999

• Diabetes
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Arthritis
• Back pain
• Breast cancer
• Kidney diseases
• AIDS
• Nutrition
• Cancer
• Fibromyalgia
• Thyroid disease
• Skin diseases
• Heart disease
• Cholesterol

Canadian Health Network (CHN)

• National, bilingual Internet-based health information service
• Developed in partnership with Health Canada
• Network of health information networks (over 600 health information providers contribute resources)
• Gathers and organizes quality information

Consumer Health Information Service (CHIS)

• Based at Toronto Public Library, Reference Library
• Funded by Ontario Ministry of Health
• Walk in consumer reference collection and reference desk service by librarians
• Offers phone, fax, and e-mail service to users throughout the province
• Information packages compiled and sent out province-wide

Consumer & patient health information service https://web.archive.org/web/20050207083021/http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.shtml
To help Manitobans learn more about health and medical topics, the Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library offers the Consumer and Patient Health Information Service. This service provides information on health and medical topics such as:

• Symptoms and descriptions of diseases
• Drugs and drug therapies
• Medical tests
• Current treatments and therapies
• Nutrition
• Surgical procedures
• A librarian, not a health care professional, provides the information

Abstracts and indexes

• PubMed (free)
• Medline (electronic)
• most important indexing source for medical research
• computerized counterpart of
• Index Medicus
• Index to Dental Literature
• International Nursing Index
• records added pre-1975 no abstracts
• >59% records post-1975 have abstracts
• EMBASE
• print equivalent Excerpta Medica publications
• more pharmacology and psychology, European and Asian journals than Medline
• c. 80% of records from recent years contain abstracts
• Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
• covers English language nursing journals
• includes such allied health fields as:
• covers English language nursing journals
• cardiopulmonary technology; medical/laboratory technology; medical records; occupational therapy; physical therapy/rehabilitation; radiologic technology; respiratory therapy; social service in health care
• selective abstracts available since 1986